Creating Effective Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creating Effective Information Systems - Essay Example This project was aimed at implementing a number of IT processes such as medical information transformation, electronic prescriptions services, and a web based booking system. Initially, it was estimated that this project will take no more than cost  £2.4 billion, however after almost a decade as well as with small to show considerable development and progress, the budget had risen to  £12.7 billion. It was a long-term project and a massive investment was done to make this project a success. However, the ultimate result of all the efforts appeared in the form of a huge failure. This project became one of the biggest IT project failures. There were a number of reasons and factors that played a major role in making this project a failure (Smolaks, 2012; Shuhab-u-Tariq, 2010; Hendy et al., 2005). This report outlines some of the major reasons that have led this project towards failure. This report also outlines the ways to deal with project risks. In the end this report also suggests the ways that could be adopted in an attempt to make this project a success. Up till now, a large number of reports and researchers have discussed the major reasons of this project failure. Without a doubt, it is the part of nature of a large project that it will go through a number of serious challenges throughout its development. In view of the fact that NPFIT project also involved the integration of other systems in order to allow them work collectively so this kind of projects experience serious challenges which ultimately led a project toward failure. In place of integrating several IT systems, an organization must develop and implement an individual system for the reason that a high intensity of complexity in within a project in consequence of huge scope could raise the risk of failure. However, this kind of project had not been implemented ever before so it was no possible to take protective measures by keeping in mind the scenario of other

Ecotourism Trend Environmental Management Tourism Essay

Ecotourism Trend Environmental Management Tourism Essay Environmental management and sustainable development is one of the most recent ecotourism trends. The term environmental management first surfaced in the 1980s describing the importance of organizations, populations, and communities to practice and handle their environmental impacts. Conservation of resources and sustainable developments are the key components to protecting and managing the environment, as well as addressing the effects of the tourism industry and other various sectors. Tourist areas such as Costa Rica, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and other various destinations are in desperate need of implementation of the ecotourism trend environmental management. All tourist destinations suffer from the lasting impacts of their visitors, continuous construction of infrastructures, deforestation and finally pollution affects. Government laws and regulations alongside with community, professional and personal concerns, when combined, may lead to significant improvements in enviro nmental management. The article, A methodology for creating greenways through multidisciplinary sustainable landscape planning, by Selma Beatriz Pena and other colleagues (2010), discusses a precise method in particular to greenways by sustaining tourism areas. Greenways are networks of linear elements that are planned, designed and managed for multiple purposes, including ecological, recreational, cultural, aesthetic or other purposes compatible with the concept of sustainable land use (p.971). By using landscapes in a cultural and natural process that does not have detrimental environmental effects, interpretation, knowledge and understanding is required for the sustainment of tourism areas. Landscape is a complex concept and system that is the result of the combination of natural and human force factors. The cultural and natural elements were incorporated through an ecological structure that is the product of natural and fundamental systems. The comprehension of environmental sensitivity can give way to sustainable development by supporting decisions regarding interventions from ecological, economic and social perspectives. (p. 971) By the positive and helpful use of landscape alongside with steady use, the management of the environment will continue to become known and more effective. The discussed methodology envelops three phases of criteria including eco-cultural analysis, synthesis and diagnosis, and the proposal. The approach consists of landscape structures and dynamics consisting of biophysical, dynamic, vegetation and other various cultural characteristics. The eco-cultural analysis was used by searching and gathering valid information collected solely from field data and cartography. The study of habitats is critical to acquire knowledge of the territory and sustain the foreseeable correct management measures. (p. 978) Many other analyses such as the biophysical component, geomorphologic dynamics, the vegetation analysis, cultural landscape, and the cultural and natural analysis, compiled together the information needed to make a successful proposal in identifying the necessary steps towards environmental management and the sustainment of landscapes. Preserving natural areas such as fields, meadows and forests leads to the sustainable maintenance of ecosy stems and is the principle of managing the environment. Once the priority actions and the management measures for habitats that ensure ecological equilibrium of landscape have been implemented, it is then possible to propose sustainable greenways. (p. 980) Article 2 The use of choice experiments in the analysis of tourist preferences for ecotourism development in Costa Rica, Robert R. Hearne (2002) explains, During the past decade Costa Rica has successfully promoted its tourist industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 154). Hearne also addresses the dynamic aspects and advances of sustainable infrastructures and their extreme efforts towards protecting their natural areas via nature-based tourism. Nature-based tourism is used to promote the dual goals of nature conservation and income generation. (p.153) To further make an environmental management impact, Costa Rica must combine within the tourists an appreciation for the nature, sustainable infrastructures, specified and defined restrictions, as well as the acknowledgement of national parks and protected areas. An increase of tourists in any area immediately generates revenue, a positive effect. While tourist dollars can generate income for local populations and contribute to the financial self-sufficiency of protected areas (p. 153), they also propose harmful possibilities on the environment including leaving their imprints on the land, loss of resources and creating a large volume of pollution. Chosen experiments appear as means to evaluate the impacts on the Braulio Carrilo National Park due to a major increase of tourist visitations in the area. The experiments and tests are a comprehensive and accumulative evaluation that analyzes direct links with economic theory of derived utility that consumers utilities are defined over a bundle of attributes or characteristics of a purchased good or service. (p. 156) A large majority of the park aims its focus on the protection and conservation of wildlife habitats including pumas, jaguars, tapirs, quetzals, and eagles. Along with the variety of species, the park is located among five different climate zones. Therefore, an environmental management plan and experimental assessment is key to the preservation of the National Park and to inform the park rangers the essential needs of the area. This study demonstrates that choice experiments are a feasible mechanism to analyze user preferences for the management of protected areas in dev eloping countries. (p. 161) Article 3 The third article, Sustainable Strategies for the Brazilian Amazon Region: An Ecotourism Perspective, Raul Gouvea (2008) discusses the importance of implementing an ecotourism industry along the Amazon region due to the influx of tourists and the lack of sustainable development accommodations. The Brazilian government has become aware of the environmental dangers that may occur because of the growth in the tourism industry. Each year Brazil becomes a more known tourism destination with the continued expansion of hotels, theme parks and convention centers. With the developments of new infrastructures, the environment will suffer from deforestation and major disturbances among the wildlife animals and surrounding habitats. Taking action now and considering the needs of an ecotourism trend such as environmental management will ensure the sustainment of the country. Ecotourism offers an avenue for translating sustainable development strategies into profits and a feasible alternative to f inance the conservation of ecosystems. (p. 89) The Brazilian government has tried various perspectives of environmental management regulations since 1987. With the establishment of their ecotourism industry, the protection and conservation of the visited areas, and efforts to generate benefits to the local communities as a way to promote the conservation of local habitats (p.91), are their two main focuses on tackling this problem. Collectively, with their focuses, The Brazilian Tourism agency and the Ecotourism Poles Project and the Brazilian Ecotourism Institute, works towards a successful program of devising, identifying and promoting poles for ecotourism development. However, a major problem that Brazil faces is the lack of educated professionals appointing the ecotourism advances. The three corporations that are working so hard to develop and implement the ecotourism trend of environmental management are having a serious problem with acknowledging where to begin, finding the manpower needed for the necessary changes of infra structures and difficulties with their communication and transportation efforts. The only answer towards lasting environmental management in Brazil is that several steps need to be taken to establish a persuasive eco-mindset in the Amazon region. The creation of an ecological triple-helix, bringing together the local private sector, local educational institutions and local and federal governmental agencies is of paramount importance to move the ecological agenda forward in the region. (p. 93) Article 4 Leida Mercado and James P. Lassoie, wrote the article, Assessing Tourists Preferences for Recreational and Environmental Management Programs Central to the Sustainable Development of a Tourism Area in the Dominican Republic (2002). Sustainable development, conservation of natural resources and preservation of the environment from the affects of the tourism industry was an important emphasis in the paper. The link between market competitiveness and sustainable tourism is very reasonable, especially when the tourism industry depends on the uniqueness of environmental resources, as in the Dominican Republic. (p.255) The tourism industry is known to be a major affliction in the goal towards and eco-friendly environment. The appropriate way to assess that problem is to first incorporate the specifications such as regulations and policies of a tourism area to sustainable developments. Also, to further help the ecotourism trend of environmental management, recognizing the interests in susta inable developments of tourists and other communities will help aid in creating awareness and add extra support to environmental management. This article first handedly reports how important it is to elicit tourists preferences of programs central to the sustainable development of tourism areas since these preferences can drive managers development decisions in more sustainable directions. (p. 253) To further pinpoint the interests of tourists regarding where they like to vacation, a considerable amount of nearly two hundred people were interviewed. The importance of containing this information is because then the resort of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic, as well as surrounding areas, will be aware which areas will need extra help in environmental management and sustainable developments. The main factors that they considered when deciding where to go on a beach vacation were evaluated, as well as their preferences regarding four programs designed to improve recreational and environmental management of the area. (p. 253) The tourists expressed their opinions in financial terms. Of the results that they gathered, certain preferences expected of the tourists where cleanliness of the ocean and beach areas, prestige of services, and the overall price when going on a vacation. Also, they responded particularly to two of the four sustainable development programs. The outdoor aqu arium and the Water Management Program were the main interests of the interviewed tourists as they showed a substantial willingness to pay. From the study of tourist preferences, it is possible to draw conclusions with implications for both sustainable tourism development and environmental policy. (p. 265) Article 5 The final article that showed the growing ecotourism trend of environmental management, A Conceptual Framework to Develop Long-Term Ecological Research and Management Objectives in the Wider Caribbean Region, (2004) was written by Victor H. Rivera-Monroy. Tourism is the main source of income for the Caribbean region. With the constant flows of tourists entering the region, it puts a lot of stress on the fragile ecosystems. The environment experiences signs of deprivation in most common areas such as the surrounding sea and watersheds. Tourists are also responsible for the damages they leave behind, the extra amounts of pollution in the area, the disruptiveness of wildlife habitats and the need of lodging accommodations. Because the Caribbean cannot do without tourists generating revenue, ecotourism is becoming a very well known trend because of the need for environmental management strategies and support for sustainable developments. A problem when assessing the development of the ec otourism trend is that there are few, explicit, long-term, comprehensive studies describing the structure and function of Caribbean ecosystems. (p. 843) To address the problem of the fragile ecosystems, a conceptual framework using environmental signature hypothesis of tropical coastal settings to develop a series of research questions for the reef-sea-grass-wetland seascape (p.843) was created. A total of thirteen locations of different atmospheres and tolerance levels of environmental impacts from both natural situations and external ones were documented with the conceptual framework approach. This approach follows the strategy developed by the Long Term Ecological Research program of the National Science Foundation to establish ecological research questions best studied over decades and large spatial areas. (p. 843) The thirteen selections showcased different stages of tolerance from possible human impact of the ecosystems. The destruction of coral reefs were the main concern found in the research approaches. Effects of damages made to the coral reefs may be from sedimentation, destructive fishing, poorly regulated mining and cons truction and anthropogenic nutrient inputs. (p. 850) The causes that lead to the destruction of the coral reefs solely comes from the tourism industry. The Caribbean region constantly maintains accommodations for their visitors by participating in deforestation, infrastructures of hotels and other facilities, mining and the construction of the coast and beach areas. All in all, the Caribbean has successfully centered some main environmental damages made by tourists. The next step is to further implement the ecotourism trend of environmental management full force in the region to protect the natural areas. Conclusion The main reasons how tourism negatively affects the environmental management approaches is through the adjustments that ecosystems and wildlife areas have to modify because of the human ecological footprints of tourists, secondly, deforestation by construction of both general infrastructure and tourism related facilities, and finally pollution of noise, water, and air However, because of all the harmful contacts that tourism has with the environment, it does raise a lot of probable concerns to create awareness to the environmental management protection and conservation organizations. Physical impacts on the environment primarily come from the construction of tourism and leisure related facilities such as roads, railroads, paths, airports, marinas, hotels and resorts, and stadiums for sporting events such as the Olympics, National Football League, and NASCAR. With the constant increase in demand for tourism and recreational service areas, deforestation is the main cause to the negative impacts in the environment. Land resources such as forests, fields, and the countryside are being used for building materials, accommodation of the land, and minerals and soils. With the decrease of natural regions, wetlands and wildlife is also experiencing the detrimental shocks. In closing, all of the above articles discuss the important ecotourism trend of acquiring environmental management procedures and tactics. The common theme among the articles is acknowledging the positive and negative effects of tourism. A positive effect for the Costa Rica National Park was increased revenue that was essentially used to help protect their natural areas. Other positives include new methodologies and advanced approaches for protection and sustainable developments. However, despite the many positives, tourism also has negative impacts on specific areas resulting in the desperate need for new ecotourism trends which includes environmental management and sustainable developments.

The Faerie Queene Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Spencer

Edmund Spenser’s epic poem The Faerie Queene is well known as an allegorical work, and the poem is typically read in relation to the political and religious context of the time. The term allegory tends to be loosely defined, rendering a whole work an extended metaphor, or even implying â€Å"any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning†(Cuddon 20). In true Spenserian style, with everything having double meanings, both uses of the term allegory are applicable to his writing. Thus, during the course of this essay it is best not to think of allegory in terms of the size of a body of writing, but as writing with a â€Å"second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning†(Baldick 6). Whilst reading for political and religious allegory is key in understanding Spenser’s message, reading for moral allegory also provides readers with detailed insight into the text. It is because of this that I have chosen to focus not only on political and religious allegory but also the moral allegory that accompanies episodes in Book One focused on Una and Duessa. The two characters represent a multitude of allegories; truth and falseness, and Protestantism and Catholicism being the most prominent. Una and Duessa represent a binary opposition, and it is because of this that they help to produce a wealth of allegory when read closely. The characters represent conflicting ideas, yet neither of which would be conceivable without the other . Both characters can only function in the poem when supported by one another, if one character were to be removed, the binary opposition would be removed and the allegory drawn from either Una or Duessa would be less productive. The two episodes I will be investigating are Canto I, Stanzas 4... ...ly representing someone or something more true to life. Roberts is right in saying â€Å"Spenser’s allegorical poem demands the active engagement of its reader to produce allegory†(1). Although he never permits to say it directly, he is also right in noting that close reading of The Faerie Queene provides a much broader ranger of allegory. The examined stanzas are somewhat deceptive; they are short seemingly unimportant introductions that do not contribute to plot. However, in keeping with the true double nature of Spenser’s writing they contribute so much more than that to the text. Spenser uses the stanzas as a gateway for us to begin our study of his characters. Each close reading provides the reader with a different allegory, and it is through these multiple interpretations that Spenser manages to reveal part of his overall political, religious, and moral messages.

Advance Directive Essay

The purpose of advance directives is so that you are making it your right to make decisions about your own medical care. This phrase applies to a wide range of instructions that one might make orally or written about actions that one would or would not want to be taken if one were somehow incapacitated and unable to join in making decisions (Corr et al, 2009). An advance directive is a topic that resonates strongly in my heart. Less than two weeks ago my husband and I had a family crisis and had to make some really difficult healthcare decisions regarding our family member. These decisions were less difficult for us because our loved one had previously given us power-of-attorney. So we knew her wishes prior to her illness and were able to make the correct decisions as a family. Unfortunately, most families don’t realize the importance of this legal document until an emergency occurs. Authors of _Death & Dying, Life & Living_ identify six goals of death education. It is the third goal that will be the focus of my paper. According to Corr et al the third goal of death education is to prepare individuals for their public roles as citizens. In this way, death education helps to clarify important social issues that face society and its representatives, such as advance directives in health care (Corr et al, 2009). We each have the right and responsibility to make healthcare decisions for ourselves. There may be a time, whether from accident or illness, when you are no longer able to make important and necessary medical  decisions. This is an opportunity for you to express your wishes and direct your healthcare decisions in advance before they may be needed. We’re living in an age of medical miracles. Tiny babies born months too early can often be saved. Hearts, lungs kidneys and lives can all e transplanted. There are life support machines and devices for almost every purpose. Ventilators to help people breath, cardiac assist devices to take over for the heart, feeding tubes to nourish patients who can’t eat, and dialysis to support people with failing kidneys. My husband and I know this all too well with the recent diagnosis of his mother. Medical advances have saved many lives. But with these advances have come questions about using machines to prolong the natural dying process. Kentucky laws recognize the right of individual’s to make choices about their medical care. We have the right to request or refuse treatment and to ask that life prolonging treatment be stopped. We also have the right to make out an advance directive. An advance directive is a legal paper which lets an individual to state their wishes about the use of life support machines and medical treatment. It can also be used to name someone else to make medical choices for them if they become unable to speak for themselves (ccky.org, 2010; Jasper 2007). According to David Kelly author of _Medical Care at the End of Life: A Catholic Perspective_ claims that treatment can be morally extraordinary only when the person’s death is imminent, regardless of whether the treatment is given, is to give biological life itself an absolute value that supersedes all other values.† (Kelly, 2006).The decision to make an advance directive is personal one and should only be made after careful consideration. My mother-in-law is currently on full life support and the hospital social worker told us that because she is at a Catholic hospital their philosophy there is that withholding or withdrawing treatment does not cause death, but merely allows the natural process of dying to take place. They further stated that they will not do anything to intentionally cause her death. This was an impromptu interview, but I was able to ask the social worker a few questions regarding advance directives. HOSPITAL SOCIAL WORKER INTERVIEW: Q: What is an advance directive? A: Advance directive states in writing your choices about medical care or names someone to make medical choices for you if you become unable to speak for yourself. It is called an advance directive, because it is signed in advance to let your family and doctor know your wishes regarding medical treatment. Kentucky law recognizes many types of advances directives, including living wills, healthcare surrogate designations, and durable power of attorney for healthcare. Q: Do my mother-in-law or anyone else have to have an advance directive before treatment here at this hospital? (Keep in mind it’s a catholic hospital) A: No. You cannot be required to make any advance directives in orders to get medical treatment, and for that matter health insurance or any other reason. It s purely a matter of personal choice. Q: Can anyone in my mother-in-law’s family make healthcare choices for her if she unable to do so and we do not have an advance directive or do you all go by the oldest child? A: If she cannot speak for herself and there is not an advance directive, then according to the state of Kentucky laws its first the court appointed guardian; her spouse; her adult child and if there is more than one then it’s the majority of the adult children available at the time; her parents; and then the nearest living relative and if there is more than one then it’s the majority of them (unnamed social worker, 2010). According to the state of Kentucky adults (ages 18 or older) who are mentally competent have the right to make healthcare decisions in advance. Advance directives state your choices for medical treatment, especially in regard to  life-sustaining procedures. You can also use advance directives to name a healthcare agent, who is any person you choose, to make your healthcare decisions if you are unable to do so. Advance Directives only apply if you are unable to make personal medical decisions, unless you indicate you want your healthcare agent’s authority to begin when the document is signed. You cannot be refused medical care because you do not have advance directives (Jasper, 2007). Any time you have a healthcare need; your doctor should discuss your situation with you and obtain your consent before giving you care. Patients have the right to refuse treatment or to choose among different kinds of treatment. Patients may further leave the hospital or seek treatment and opinions from other healthcare providers. Making a responsible choice does not always mean you accept your doctor’s advice, but it does mean you understand the consequences of your choice. This right to decide to say yes or no to treatment includes consenting to, or refusing treatments needed to sustain life (Shannon, 2006). I use to believe that once you signed the back of the driver’s license then you were giving consent for hospitals to not give you the true care that you deserved. This was a myth that I always believed until I became adult. I think that it was based on those old horror movies like COMA back in the 1970s. From a recent lecture on donation I learned the real value of signing the back of the driver’s licenses and giving consent to organ donation. Organ transplants are truly a miracle of modern medicine. Thousands of organ transplants occur in the United States each year, yet thousands of people also die each year while waiting for an organ. The generous gift of one’s organs or tissues can allow other seriously ill individuals to live. During this lecture I learned that anyone could become an organ donor and age did not mean that you can’t necessary donate. Most importantly was that signing a donor card was not going to affect my care that I received from the hospital. Patients are given the same quality care, whether or not a donor card was signed and that donation proceedings only begin after all efforts to save my life had been done and my death had been declared. Now I feel  confident that signing my driver’s license will not enhance my death. The Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services’ Long-Term Care Ombudsman (LTCO), along with other national, state and community organizations, is leading an effort to highlight the importance of advance healthcare decision-making an effort that has culminated in the formal designation of April 16th as the inaugural National Healthcare Decisions Day (NHDD) (http://www.nationalhealthcaredecisionsday.org, 2010). Despite the fact that the importance and benefits of advance directives have been proven repeatedly for many years, only a small minority of Americans have executed an advance directive, according to information on the National Healthcare Decisions Day (NHDD) website. NHDD seeks to address this issue by focusing attention on advance healthcare planning from a variety of directions simultaneously across the United States. Any number of professionals such as healthcare providers, chaplains, attorneys, and long-term care ombudsmen can provide clear, concise, and consistent information and tools for executing written advance directives about healthcare power of attorney and/or living will in accordance with state laws (http://www.nationalhealthcaredecisionsday.org, 2010). In closing, most people can’t read your mind when you’re healthy, let alone try to figure out your wishes during a major health crisis while under additional stress. Be kind to your loved ones; make those decisions in advance; and have them legally documented. NATIONAL HEALTHCARE DECISION DAY PRESS RELEASE DO YOU HAVE AN ADVANCE DIRECTIVE? Do you know what healthcare treatments you would and would not want if you could not speak for yourself? Do other people know what your wishes are? The 2nd Annual National Healthcare Decision Day will be held on Friday, April  16, 2010, a day for all people regardless of age or current health to be reminded of the importance of making their healthcare wishes known to loved ones and their care providers. Everyone is encouraged to voice their wishes and take steps to ensure that their choices are known and protected. An Advance Directive is a legal document that tells healthcare providers who it is that you wish to make medical decisions for you and what treatments you would want or not want, if you are ever not able to tell care providers what you would want in a medical emergency or life-limiting illness. The simple act of creating an Advance Directive can turn out to be an incredible gift for loved ones in the event of an accident or severe illness. Advance Directives are written instructions about your future medical care. They do not go into effect until you are no longer able to make decisions. Adults can benefit from thinking about what their healthcare choices would be if they were unable to speak for themselves. ADVANCE DIRECTIVES COME IN TWO MAIN FORMS: A _†HEALTHCARE POWER OF ATTORNEY†_ (or â€Å"proxy† or â€Å"agent† or â€Å"surrogate†) documents the person you select to be your voice for your healthcare decisions if you cannot speak for yourself. Your â€Å"healthcare power of attorney† will make medical decisions based on your wishes identified in your Advance Directive. In states that recognize these documents, families and healthcare providers cannot override your living will or your agent’s decision. It is a good idea to discuss your wishes with your friends, family members, and your doctor, now, while you still can. YOUR HEALTHCARE AGENT HAS TO MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS: †¢ Anyone over the age of 18 †¢ Can be a family member, loved one, or close friend †¢ Someone who: you trust, knows you well, will advocate on your behalf, and will honor  your wishes A _†LIVING WILL†_ documents what kinds of medical treatments you would or would not want at the end of life. A living will is a type of advance directive called a healthcare treatment directive. A living will spells out the measures you do and do not wish to have taken to extend your life when you are clearly dying. You may decide whether or not you would want breathing machines, feeding tubes, oxygen, IV fluids, or medicines to be used. A living will needs to be signed in front of a witness. A witness cannot be a relative, creditors and heirs to your estate, or your doctor. It is important that a living will cover decisions about your healthcare only when you have a terminal illness. It is better to prepare a living will when you are healthy, not when you have been ill or in the hospital. Make sure your Advance Directive reflects your wishes. If you plan on moving to another state make sure you update your Advance Directive, because it may not be valid in the state that you move to. Some states do not recognize living wills that have been drafted in other states. Your Advance Directive does not expire and can be updated as needed. It is important for your family members to know your wishes in case of an emergency. Also, you should take a copy of your Advance Directive to the hospital whenever you are admitted so that it can become a permanent part of your medical record. REFERENCE LIST Catholic Conference of Kentucky. (2010). Catholic conference of Kentucky. Retrieved from http://ccky.org/ Corr, C. A., Nabe, C.M., & Corr, D. M. (2009). Death and Dying: Life and Living (6th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning Jasper, M. C. (2007). Health care directives. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications Kelly, D. F. (2006). Medical care at the end of life: A Catholic perspective. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press National Healthcare Decision Day. (2010). Fact Sheet retrieved November 29, 2010 from http://www.nationalhealthcaredecisionsday.org/ Shannon, J. B. (2006). Death and dying sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about end-of-life care and related perspectives and ethical issues, including end-of-life symptoms and treatments, pain management, quality-of-life concerns, the use of life support, patients’ rights and privacy issues, advance directives, physician-assisted suicide, caregiving, organ and tissue donation, autopsies, funeral arrangements, and grief ; along with statistical data, information about the leading causes of death, a glossary, and directories of support groups and other resources. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.

Knowing Your Audience Paper Essay

Most people would never want to imagine themselves or a family member being trapped under ground for even one day but the victims of those who were trapped under the Chilean copper mine had to consider not one day but even two months. According to The New York Times Company(2014), â€Å"On Aug. 5, 2010, a gold and copper mine near the northern city of Copiapà ³, Chile caved in, trapping 33 miners in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the surface†. At this time no one knew the well being or the nature of the situation that happened at the copper mine. During this time communication between employers, families’ members’ involved, trapped miners and those set in place to find a solution to this problem was very vital. Some things to keep in mind when considering roles and audiences is to determine what information to give and how it should be expressed or conveyed to the audience. For example, if you’re giving direct and urgent information, you wouldn’t send this type of information over an email, it would be more appropriate to say it face to face. It is important to consider how much does the audience know about the topic or subject you are sharing at that time. In the situation with the trapped miners the potential needs that should be considered and expressed to the families of the trapped miners would be first addressing what happened. This information should be given directly, face to face, to all family members involved. It is important to give the family as much detail about the incident as possible but not so much that it makes them alarmed and upset. Also another thing to add is the condition or well being of the trapped miners. If the information isn’t available its best to let them know although there isn’t much information at this time, but as soon as the information is available, they will be first to know. Also the last need that the family members affected by this incident would need is to understand and know what the employers and team of experts are doing to find a solution to the problem and how often can they know the extent and whereabouts of the situation. At this point after meeting the potential needs of the families involved, it’s also important to understand and know the potential needs of the company’s employees. Although they may not be the family members or those who are actually trapped at that moment, they also play a vital role. Some potential needs for the company’s employees would be to communicate effectively. Although the situation itself must have been very tragic if there was effective communication, there would be no way for  the employees at that time to help save those trapped. Also another need that needs to be met would be extra training and understanding of what took place, where it went wrong, and how to fix the problem. Without the employees having a plan or strategy of how they could effectively resolve or help the situation it could cause retaliation or resentment. After the message about the incident, and the actions or plan that is put in place has been verified and delivered to all important parties and involved it’s important that all those involved are able to convey what they heard and understood before and after the message is given. To make sure the message was received as properly and effectively you have to consider each audience which would be the trapped miners, employees and families. The message given to each party cannot be given the same. Also the channel has to be considered, again in this situation you wouldn’t send this information through an email or memo, this information that has to be conveyed face to face. It is also good to give information based on the listener’s level of understanding and to talk with the parties that involve a way opening up the way for cooperation and in this situation it would be much needed. An effective communication as the mining company to the family members of the trapped miners would be face to face. During this time the mining company would say with sincerity and clarity that â€Å" At this time we are deeply sorry to announce that we have understood and learned that on Aug. 5, 2010, a gold and copper mine near the northern city of Copiapà ³, caved in, trapping 33 miners in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the ground. At this time we aren’t certain what exactly caused the cave in and we aren’t certain the condition of the miners at this time. We will be working around the clock to get more information about the well being of the trapped miners. Also at this moment there will be specialist and experts going to the scene to analyze and inspect the situation at hand. After further observation of the experts then will we know what plan will be put in place to rescue our fellow employees. As soon as we are made aware of the plan we will let you know. We hope that we can all work together effectively which much understanding and cooperation from us and you so that we can bring your family members back to you.† Also an effective communication between the mining company and the employees would be a face to face channel. At that time the company would express, â€Å"I’m sad to announce to you that our fellow  employees have been caved in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the ground in the northern city of Copiapà ³. There are 33 at this time trapped and waiting to be rescued. We aren’t sure of the condition of the each employee but we all hope that we can all come together to help the best way we can to make sure that those who are trapped are in good condition. Although we never plan for anything like this to take place but unfortunately we have to use the way we were trained to assess the situation. At this time along with yourself the family members of the trapped miners are already being informed. Please let’s not alarm the families with information that has not been given or confirmed. Our main mission is to stay calm, offer up many prayers and work together in unity. During this time we will be working around the clock to help as much as we can and the company will provide meals, clean working clothes and a place to sleep. However you think you can help or what will better the situation please send your requests or opinions to us directly. Thank you so much for your cooperati on in help.†